TY  - BOOK
AU  - Vivekanand Jha
TI  - Caṇḍāla :untouchability and caste in early India
SN  - 9789386552556
U1  - 305.800954 
PY  - 2018///
CY  - Delhi 
PB  - Primus
KW  - Caṇḍālas
KW  - Caste
KW  - Social conditions-India
KW  - untouchability
N2  - This volume is a collection of essays on untouchability written by Professor Jha at various points of his long and illustrious career. It dwells on the manner in which social stratification in ancient India developed to exclude castes like Caṇḍalas and Niṣadas, leading to their exploitation and sub-human treatment. The book begins with tracing the origin and condition of Caṇḍalas (1000 BC to AD 600), who were first mentioned in later Vedic literature (1000 to 600 BC) at the Purushamedha (symbolic human sacrifice) dedicated to deity Vayu. Another essay examines the acculturation of the Niṣadas—who were mainly fishermen and hunters by profession— which started from the Later Vedic Period. Caṇḍalas and Niṣadas were both over time assimilated into the Brahmanical caste structure as degraded shudras and ultimately relegated to being untouchables. The book also examines the Bhagavadgita and Asoka’s Dhaṃma from the perspective of caste and untouchability. It provides key insights into the origin and growth of the caste system, especially untouchability, extending beyond the brahmanical lens. It is a valuable addition to the study of early Indian social history and social structures
ER  -