Money is the pivot around which an economy revolves. A modern economy, characterized by acute specialisation and exchange, is unthinkable without money, financial intermediaries, financial markets, and financial instruments. In recent years, there has been a gradual switchover from the use of paper-based payment mediums to those based on electronics. E-money is one such new product which has appeared on Indian horizon recently. Crypto currency is another instrument which is a type of digital token that relies on cryptography for chaining together digital signatures of token transfers, peer-to-peer networking, and decentralization. Similarly, complex financial products, such as derivatives, have proliferated in the financial markets. These products have become highly popular with banks and financial institutions as they allow them to hedge their risks and manage their regulatory and economic capital more efficiently. This book provides a comprehensive description of the theory and functioning of modern monetary and financial systems with reference to India. It is spread over 33 chapters which have been organized into 5 theme parts.